2012年度全国职称英语等级考试理工类(A级)试题

　　第1部分：词汇选项 (第l-15题，每题l分，共15分)

　　下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线，请为每处画线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

　　1 All the flats in the building had the same layout.

　　A. color B. arrangement C. size D. function

　　2 The weather was crisp and clear and you could see the mountains fifty miles away.

　　A. fresh B. hot C. heavy D. windy

　　3 The walls are made of hollow concrete blocks.

　　A. big B. long C. new D. empty

　　4 Our aim was to update a service and we succeeded.

　　A. modernize B. offer C. provide D. fund

　　5 Her comments about men are utterly ridiculous.

　　A. slightly B. partly C. completely D. faintly

　　6 Every week the magazine presents the profile of a well-known sports personal.

　　A. success B. description C. evidence D. plan

　　7 He has been granted asylum in France.

　　A. power B. relief C. protection D. license

　　8 When I heard the noise in the next room, I couldn’t resist having a peep.

　　A. look B. chance C. visit D. try

　　9 She moves from one exotic location to another.

　　A. familiar B. similar C. proper D.unusual

　　10 We almost ran into a rolls-Royce that pulled out in front of us without signaling.

　　A. overtook B. hit C. passed D. found

　　11 He was weary of the constant battle between them.

　　A. fond B. proud C. tired D. afraid

　　12 Noting would induce me to vote for him again.

　　A. attract B. teach C. help D. discourage

　　13 He shifted his position a little in order to alleviate the pain in his leg.

　　A. control B. ease C. experience D. suffer

　　14 The photograph evoked strong memories of our holidays in France.

　　A. refreshed B. stored C. blocked D. erased

　　15 Newborn babies can discriminate between a man’s and woman’s voices.

　　A. treat B. express C. analyze D. distinguish

　　第2部分：阅读判断(第l6～22题，每题l分，共7分)

　　下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出剡断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。

　　Europa’s watery underworld

　　Europa, one of Jupiter’s 63 known moons, looks bright and icy on the surface. But appearances can be deceiving: Miles within its cracked, frigid shell, Europa probably hides giant pools of liquid water. Where scientists find liquid water, they hope to find life as well.

　　Since we can’t go diving into Europa’s depths just yet, scientists instead have to investigate the moon’s surface for clues to what lies beneath. In a new study, scientists investigated one group of strange ice patterns on Europa and concluded that the formations mark the top of an underground pool that holds as much water as the U.S. Great Lakes.

　　Pictures of Europa, which is slightly smaller than Earth’s moon, clearly show a tangled, icy mishmash of lines and cracks known as “chaos terrains.” These chaotic places cover more than half of Europa. For more than 10 years, scientists have wondered what causes the formations. The new study suggests that they arise from the mixing of vast underground stores of liquid water with icy material near the surface.

　　For scientists who suspect that Europa also may be hiding life beneath its icy surface, the news about the new lake is exciting.

　　“It would be great if these lakes harbored life,” Britney Schmidt, a planetary scientist who worked on the study, told Science News. “But even if they didn’t, they say that Europa is doing something interesting and active right now.”

　　Schmidt, a scientist at the University of Texas at Austin, and her colleagues wanted to know how chaos terrains form. Since they couldn’t rocket to Europa to see for themselves, they searched for similar formations here on Earth. They studied collapsed ice shelves in Antarctica and icy caps on volcanoes in Iceland. Those features on Earth formed when liquid water mixed with ice. The scientists now suspect something similar might be happening on Europa: that as water and ice of different temperatures mingle and shift, the surface fractures. This would explain the jumbled ice sculptures.

　　“Fracturing catastrophically disrupts the ice in the same way that it causes ice shelves to collapse on Earth,” Schmidt told Science News. She and her team found that the process could be causing chaos terrains to form quickly on Europa.

　　The new study suggests that on this moon, elements such as oxygen from the surface blend with the deep bodies of water. That mixture may create an environment that supports life.

　　16. The liquid water of an underground pool of Europa is estimated xxxxx of the US Great lakes.

　　A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mention

　　17. The strange ice patterns on Europa are formed as a result of a xxxxx underground water pool.

　　A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mention

　　18. Europa is the most recently discovered one among Jupiter’s 63known moons.

　　A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mention

　　19. The size of Europa is a bit larger than that of Earth’s moon.

　　A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mention

　　20. Schmidt and her colleagues are the first group of scientists to carry out a study on Europa.

　　A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mention

　　21. The formations on Europa’s surface are rather unique in the universe.

　　A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mention

　　22. The existence of liquid water is a necessity for a life-supporting environment.

　　A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mention

　　第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23～30题，每题l分，共8分)

　　下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择l个最佳标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。

　　Learn about Noble Gases(惰性气体)

　　1 Have you ever ridden on a balloon? Many tourist spots offer balloon rides in order for people to see the beauty of a place from above. A balloon contains a noble gas called hellum(氦). Formerly, balloons contained hydrogen but hydrogen is very flammable and dangerous when uncontrolled. Therefore, people shifted to helium, which is safer. Helium is safe because it has the properties of the noble gases.

　　2 People once belleved that noble gases couldn’t chemically react at all. For this reason, they were called inert gases(惰性气体). They were also listed under Group 0 in the old periodic table because scientists believed that the gases have zero valence(价)electrons in their outer shell. This was later proven to be untrue when some noble gas compounds were discovered.

　　3 The gases are elements, which share similar properties. These properties include being monoatomic, colorless, odorless, being able to conduct electricity, and having low chemical reactivity. Noble gases include Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon. These are all found in Group 18, in the rightmost column of the periodic table. If you look at the periodic table, you will notice that these elements are the only ones, which do not have a charge. Helium has the lowest molecular(分子的)weight while Radon is the heaviest.

　　4 Remember that chemical reactions occur because atoms have valence electrons, which are electrons in their outer shell. When the outer shell is “unfilled” or the required number of electrons is not yet complete, the atom is more reactive. Noble gases have a full outer shell, meaning that they have complete electrons in their outer shell. This complete number varies. For instance, the outer shell of Helium has 2 valence electrons while the outer shell of Xenon has 8 electrons. Nowadays, there remains to be a few noble gases because of the low chemical reactivity of these said gases.

　　5 because of their properties, noble gases have many important applications. They are widely used in medicine and industries. For instance, liquid Helium is used for superconducting magnets(磁体). These magnets are very important in physics and medicine. When a doctor suspects that a person’s brain has been damaged, he might request for Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI). MRI allows the doctor to “see” the brain, without operating on the patient.

　　23. paragraph 2________

　　24. paragraph 3________

　　25. paragraph 4________

　　26. paragraph 5________

　　A. What are noble gases?

　　B.what is the periodic table?

　　C.What causes the low chemical reactivity of noble gases?

　　D.How were noble gases understood in the past?

　　E. How were noble gases discovered?

　　F. What are the applications of noble gases?

　　27. Noble gases are not very chemically___.

　　28. Among the elements of noble gases Helium is the___.

　　29. The required number of electrons in noble gases’ outer shell is___.

　　30. MRI may make operating on the patient___ .

　　A.lightest

　　B.reactive

　　C.important

　　D.complete

　　E.flammable

　　F. unnecessary

　　第4部分：阅读理解(第31～45题，每题3分，共45分)

　　下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定l个最佳选项。

　　第一篇 Gross National Happiness

　　In the last century, new technology improved the lives of many people in many countries. However, one country resisted these changes. High in the Himalayan mountains of Asia, the kingdom of Bhutan remained separate. Its people and Buddhist(佛教)culture had not been affected for almost a thousand years. Bhutan, however, was a poor country. People died at a young age. Most of its people could not read, and they did not know much about the outside world. Then, in 1972, a new ruler named King Jigme Singye Wangchuck decided to help Bhutan to become modern, but without losing its traditions.

　　King Wangchuck looked at other countries for ideas. He saw that most countries measured their progress by their Gross Natonal Product(GNP). The GNP measures products and money. When the number of products sold increases, people say the country is making progress. King Wangchuck had a different idea for Bhutan. He wanted to measure his country’s progress by people’s happiness. If the people’s happiness increased, the king could say that Bhutan was making progress. To decide if people were happier, he created a measure called Gross National Happiness(GNH).

　　GNH is based on certain principles that create happiness. People are happier if they have health care, education, and jobs. They are happier when they live in a healthy, protected environment. They are happier when they can keep their traditional culture and customs. Finally, people are happier when they have a good, stable government.

　　Now there is some evidence of increased GNH in Bhutan. People are healthier and are living longer. More people are educated and employed. Teenty-five percent of the land has become national parks, and the country has almost no pollution. The Bhutanese continue to wear their traditional clothing and follow their ancient Buddhist customs. Bhutan has also become a democracy. In 2008, King Wangchuck gave his power to his son. Although the country still had a king, it held its first democratic elections that year. Bhutan had political parties and political candidates for the first time. Finally, Bhutan has connected to the rest of the world through television and internet.

　　Bhutan is a symbol for social progress. Many countries are now interested in Bhutan’s GNH. These countries are investigating their own ways to measure happiness. They want to create new policies that take care of their people, cultures, and land.

　　Brazil may be the nest country to use the principles of GNH. Brazilian leaders see the principles of GNH as a source of inspiration. Brazil is a large country with a diverse population. If happiness works as a measure of progress in Brazil, perhaps the rest of the world will follow.

　　31. Who was Jigme Singye Wangchuck?

　　A. A president.

　　B. A Buddhist priest.

　　C. A king.

　　D. A general.

　　32. Apart from modernizing Bhutan, what else did Wangchuck want to do for Bhutan?

　　A. To make its population grow.

　　B. To keep it separate from the world.

　　C. To encourage its people to get rich.

　　D. To keep its traditions and customs.

　　33. A country shows its progress with GNP by

　　A. spending more money.

　　B. spending less money.

　　C. selling more products.

　　D. providing more jobs.

　　34. According to GNH, people are happier if they

　　A. have new technology.

　　B. have a good, stable government.

　　C. can change their religion.

　　D. have more money.

　　35. Today many countries are

　　A. trying to find their own ways to measure happiness.

　　B. using the principles of GNH to measure their progress.

　　C. working together to develop a common scale to measure GNH.

　　D. taking both Bhutan and Brazil as symbols for social progress.

　　第二篇 Small But Wise

　　On December 14, NASA1 blasted a small but mighty telescope into space. The telescope is called WISE and is about as wide around as a trashcan. Don't let its small size fool you: WISE has a powerful digital camera, and it will be taking pictures of some the wildest objects2 in the known universe, including asteroids, faint stars, blazing galaxies3 and giant clouds of dust where planets and stars are born.

　　“I'm very excited because we're going to be seeing parts of the universe that we haven't seen before, ”said Ned Wright, a scientist who directs the WISE project.

　　Since arriving in space, the WISE telescope has been circling the Earth, held by gravity in a polar orbit (this means it crosses close to the north and south poles with each lap).Its camera is pointed outward, away from the Earth, and WISE will snap a picture of a different part of the sky every 11 minutes. After six months it will have taken pictures across the entire sky.

　　The pictures taken by WISE won't be like everyday digital photographs, however. WISE stands for" Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer."As its name suggests, the WISE camera takes pictures of features that give off infrared radiation6.

　　Radiation is energy that travels as a wave. Visible light, including the familiar spectrum of light that becomes visible in a rainbow, is an example of radiation. When an ordinary digital camera takes a picture of a tree, for example, it receives the waves of visible light that are reflected off the tree. When these waves enter the camera through the lens, they're processed by the camera, which then puts the image together.

　　Waves of infrared radiation are longer than waves of visible light, so ordinary digital cameras don't see them, and neither do the eyes of human beings. Although invisible to the eye, longer infrared radiation can be detected as warmth by the skin.

　　That's a key idea to why WISE will be able to see things other telescopes can't. Not everything in the universe shows up in visible light. Asteroids, for example, are giant rocks that float through space一but they absorb most of the light that reaches them. They don't reflect light, so they're difficult to see. But they do give off infrared radiation, so an infrared telescope like WISE will be able to produce images of them. During its mission WISE will take pictures of hundreds of thousands of asteroids.

　　Brown dwarfs8 are another kind of deep-space object that will show up in WISE's pictures.

　　These objects are "failed" stars 一 which means they are not massive enough to jump start9 the same kind of reactions that power stars such as the sun. Instead, brown dwarfs simply shrink and cool down. They're so dim that they're almost impossible to see with visible light, but in the infrared spectrum they glow.

　　36. What is so special about WISE?

　　A It is as small as a trashcan.

　　B It is small in size but carries a large camera.

　　C Its digital camera help astronomers see the unknown space.

　　D Never before has a telescope carried a digital camera into space.

　　37. The camera on WISE

　　A is equipped with expensive computers.

　　B reflects light visible to the human eye.

　　C is similar to an ordinary digital camera.

　　D produces images of objects giving off infrared radiation.

　　38 It is true that infrared radiation

　　A is not detectable to humans。

　　B looks brighter than visible light.

　　C is visible light reflected off an object。

　　D have longer waves than those of visible light。

　　39 Which of the following statements about asteroids is N0T true?

　　A .the WISE telescope can catch and take pictures of them.

　　B They float through space giving off visible light.

　　C They do not reflect light that reaches them。

　　D They are invisible to ordinary cameras。

　　40 it can be inferred from the last paragraph that brown dwarfs

　　A give off infrared radiation.

　　B are power stars like the sun.

　　C become massive and active.

　　D are invisible to the WISE telescope.

　　第三篇 Download Knowledge Directly to Your Brain

　　For the first time, researchers have been able to hack into the process of learning in the brain, using induced brain patterns to create a learned behavior. It’s not quite as advanced as an instant kung-fu download, and it’s not as sleek （考究的）as cognitive inception(开端), but it’s still an important finding that could lead to new teaching and rehabilitation techniques.

　　Future therapies could decode the brain activity patterns of an athlete or a musician, and use them as a benchmark（标准） for teaching another person a new activity, according to the researchers.

　　Scientists from Boston University（BU） and ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories in Kyoto used functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, to study the learning process. They were examining the adult brain’s aptitude for visual perceptual learning, or VPL, in which repetitive training improves a person’s performance on a particular task. Whether adults can do this as well as young people has been an ongoing debate in neuroscience（神经系统科学）.

　　Led by BU neuroscientist Takeo Watanabe, researchers used a method called decoded fMRI neurofeedback to stimulate the visual cortex（皮层）. First they showed participants circles at different orientations. Then they used fMRI to watch the participants’ brain activity. The researchers were then able to train the participants to recreate this visual cortex activity.

　　The volunteers were again placed in MRI machines and asked to visualize shapes of certain colors. The participants were asked to “somehow regulate activity in the posterior（后部的） part of the brain” to make a solid green disc as large as they could. They were told they would get a paid bonus proportional to the size of this disc, but they weren’t told anything about what the disc meant. The researchers watched the participants’ brain activity and monitored the activation patterns in their visual cortices.

　　“Participants can be trained to control the overall mean activation of an entire brain region,” the study authors write, “or the activation in one region relative to that in another region.”

　　This worked even when test subjects were not aware of what they were learning, the researchers said.

　　“The most surprising thing in this study is that mere inductions of neural activation patterns corresponding to a specific visual feature led to visual performance improvement on the visual feature, without presenting the feature or subjects' awareness of what was to be learned,” Watanabe said in a statement.

　　Watanabe and colleagues said this method can be a powerful tool.

　　“It can ‘incept’ a person to acquire new learning, skills, or memory, or possibly to restore skills or knowledge that has been damaged through accident, disease, or aging, without a person’s awareness of what is learned or memorized,” they write.

　　41. What have researchers been able to do with the help of the study?

　　A. Make a person know how to do something without learning.

　　B. Set up different learning patterns for different people.

　　C. Discover a person’s learning process in the brain.

　　D. Enable people to learn kung fu instantly.

　　42. What helps a person to do a particular task better in visual perceptual learning?

　　A. Testing

　　B. Repetition

　　C. Encouragement

　　D. Self- assessment

　　43. Which of the following statements is true of the experiment participants?

　　A. They learned how to control MRL machines in the experiment

　　B. They were paid to take part in the experiment

　　C. They were not cooperative in the experiment

　　D. They were not told what to be learned in the experiment

　　44. The finding of the study is most significant in that learning

　　A. is full of fun

　　B. is visualized

　　C. happens unconsciously

　　D. becomes unnecessary

　　45. Who are most likely to benefit from the study?

　　A. Senior people

　　B. Teenagers

　　C. Musicians

　　D. Athletes

　　第5部分：补全短文(第46～50题，每题2分，共10分)

　　下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。

　　The Mysteries of Nazca

　　In the desert of Peru, 300 kilometers from Lima, one of the most unusual artworks in the world has mystified (迷惑)people for decades. (46) But from high above, these marks are huge images of birds, fish, seashells, all beautifully carved into the earth.

　　The Nazca lines are so difficult to see from the ground that they weren’t discovered until the 1930s, when pilots spotted them while flying over the area. In all, there are about 70 different human and animal figures on the plain, along with 900 triangles, circles, and lines.

　　Researchers have figured out that the lines are at least 1,500 years old, but their purpose is still a mystery. (47) However, it would probably be very tricky to land a spaceship in the middle of pictures of dogs and monkeys.

　　In the 1940s, an American explorer named Paul Kosok suggested that the drawings are a chronicle (记录) of the movement of the stars and planets. (48)later，an astronomer tested his theory with a computer, but he couldn’t find any relation between the lines and movements in space.

　　Another explanation is that the lines may have been made for religious reasons. British researcher Tony Morrison investigated the customs of people in the Andes Mountain and learned that they sometimes pray by the side of the road. It’s possible that in the past, the lines of Nazca were created for a similar purpose. (49) But the local people have never constructed anything this big.

　　Recently, two other scientists, David Johnson and Steve Mabee, have speculated that lines could have been related to water. Nazca is one of the driest places in the world and receives only 2cm of rain every year. While Johnson was searching for ancient water sources in the area, he noticed that some waterways built ancient people were connected with the lines. Johnson believes that the Nazca lines are a giant map of underground water in the area. (50)

　　Ａ．He called Nazca “the largest astronomy book in the world”

　　B. Seen from the ground, it looks like lines scratched into the earth.

　　C. Scholars differ in interpreting the purpose of the designs.

　　Ｄ．Other scientists are now searching for evidence to prove this.

　　Ｅ. A Swiss writer named Erich von Daniken wrote that the Nazca lines were designed as a landing place for UFOs.

　　F. The largest picture may have been the sites for special ceremonies.

　　第6部分：完形填空(第51～65题，每题l分，共15分)

　　下面的短文有l5处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定l个最佳选项。

　　Solar Power without Solar Cells

　　A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light discovered by University of Michigan1 researchers could lead to solar power without traditional semiconductor-based solar cells.

　　The researchers found a way to make an "optical（光的） （51）," said Stephen Rand, a professor in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics.

　　Light has electric and magnetic （52）. Until now, scientists thought the of the magnetic field were so weak that they could be （53）. What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not （54） electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than expected. these circumstances, the magnetic effects develop strength （55） to a strong electric effect.

　　"This could lead to a new kind of solar cell without semiconductors and without absorption to produce charge separation," Rand said. "In solar cells, the （56） goes into a material, gets absorbed and creates heat. Here, we expect to have a very low heat load. Instead of the light being absorbed, energy is stored in the magnetic moment. Intense magnetization can be induced by intense light and then it is ultimately capable of providing a capacitive power （57）."What makes this possible is a previously undetected brand of “optical rectification（修正）," says William Fisher, a doctoral student in applied physics. In traditional optical rectification, light's electric field causes a charge separation, or a pulling （58） of the positive and negative charges in a material. This sets up a voltage, similar to （59）in a battery.

　　Rand and Fisher found that under the right circumstances and in right types of materials, the light's magnetic field can also create optical rectification. The light must be shone through a （60）that does not electricity, such as glass. And it must be focused to an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter8. Sunlight isn't this （61 ）on its own, but new materials are being sought that would work at lower intensities, Fisher said.

　　"In our most recent paper, we show that incoherent（非相干的） light like sunlight is theoretically almost （62）effective in producing charge separation as laser light is," Fisher said.

　　This new （63） could make solar power cheaper, the researchers say. They predict that with improved materials they could achieve 10 percent efficiency in 13 solar power to useable energy. That's equivalent to today's commercial-grade solar cells.

　　"To manufacture 14 solar cells, you have to do （64） semiconductor processing," Fisher said. "All we would need are lenses to focus the light and a fiber to guide it. Glass works for （65）. It's already made in bulk, and it doesn't require as much processing. Transparent ceramics（陶瓷材料） might be even better."

　　51 A battery B disc C instrument D fiber

　　52 A applications B resources C differences D components

　　53 A concerned B expected C ignored D noticed

　　54 A produce B use C conduct D consume

　　55 A equivalent B reactive C Preferable D due

　　56 A electricity B light C chemical D gas

　　57 A plant B source C equipment D line

　　58 A up B down C together D apart

　　59 A that B this C those D these

　　60 A device B detector C meter D material

　　61 A bright B intense C faint D visible

　　62 A more B much C as D such

　　63 A technology B skill C miracle D prototype

　　64 A interactive B selective C extensive D intensive

　　65 A all B both C some D others

　　参考答案：2012年度全国职称英语等级考试理工类（A级）试题