主要存在三种预算类型，它们分别是什么呢？
There are mainly three types of budgeting, including imposed budgeting, participative budgeting and mixed budgeting.
Imposed budgeting:
Top down approach is used, top management prepare budget with little or no input from operating personnel which is then imposed upon the employees who have to work to the budgeted figures. The advantages of imposed budgeting are strategic plans are likely to be incorporated into planned activities; coordination between the plans and objectives of divisions is enhanced; the period of time taken to draw up the budgets is decreased. The disadvantages are the feeling of team spirit may disappear; the acceptance of organizational goals and objectives could be limited.
Participative budgeting
In the bottom up approach, budgets are developed by lower level managers who then submit the budgets to their superiors. The advantages of participative budgeting are they are based on information from employees most familiar with the department; morale and motivation is improved; they increase operational managers’ commitment to organizational objectives. The disadvantages are time-consuming and budget slack may be introduced.
Mixed budgeting
This type is the mixture of the above two methods, the final budgets are most likely to lie between what top management would really like and what lower level managers believe is feasible.
