Japanese companies have fallen behind their European and US counterparts in the burgeoning Chinese market， a study released today by McKinsey， the research group， says.

　　研究机构麦肯锡（McKinsey）于9月29日发表报告称，在方兴未艾的中国市场，日本企业已落后于欧美同行。

　　The study says Japanese companies have been hampered by an insular corporate culture， which fails to reward and promote local talent. It suggests many groups simply export their management systems to overseas markets and many use Japanese as their official language， even in China.

　　报告称，日本企业受狭隘的企业文化束缚，未能奖励和提拔中国员工。报告指出，许多日本集团只是向海外市场输出自己的管理制度，不少企业以日语为官方语言，即使是在中国。

　　China has seen an explosion of growth over the past 10 years， with global companies seeking a foothold in a market boasting an increasingly potent middle class with a formidable disposable income.

　　10年来，中国发展迅猛，中产阶层日益壮大，他们拥有可观的可支配收入，吸引全球企业纷纷前来中国市场寻找立足点。

　　McKinsey's study comes as Japanese companies are stepping up their efforts to globalise their operations， targeting the Chinese market in particular amid a shrinking domestic market.

　　麦肯锡发布上述报告之际，日本企业因国内市场日渐萎缩，正加紧努力推动业务全球化，尤其把目光放在中国市场上。

　　The highest-profile example recently was last year's purchase by Nomura of the Europe， Middle East and Asian operations of failed bank Lehman Brothers.

　　近期最引人瞩目的例子是去年野村证券（Nomura）收购破产银行雷曼兄弟（Lehman Brothers）的欧洲、中东和亚洲业务。

　　The study lauds European and US companies for being good at developing a Chinese presence by localising operations and attracting local talent. Procter & Gamble， the US consumer goods group， has been successful at developing its presence in the country for these reasons， the study says. Out of 24 leading foreign players identified by McKinsey across 12 consumer-oriented markets in China， only four are Japanese： Toyota， Sharp， Suntory and Shiseido.

　　报告称赞欧美企业善于通过业务本地化和招揽当地人才，发展自己在中国的地盘。报告称，美国消费品集团宝洁（Procter & Gamble）就成功地借助这些策略立足于中国。在中国12个面向消费者的市场上，麦肯锡筛选出24家领先外国公司，其中只有4家是日本企业：丰田（Toyota）、夏普（Sharp）、三得利（Suntory）和资生堂（Shiseido）。

　　Japanese PC makers have only a 2 to 3 per cent market share of China's rapidly growing PC market， compared with their 12 per cent global market share， according to McKinsey.

　　据麦肯锡介绍，在发展迅速的中国个人电脑（PC）市场上，日本PC厂商只有2-3%的市场份额，相比之下，它们在全球市场的份额为12%.

　　In the white goods market， Japanese companies have just a 6 per cent market share， while in mobile handsets their share is 3 per cent， the report states.

　　报告称，在白色家电市场，日本企业只有6%的份额；在手机市场，它们的份额只有3%.

　　“The root of the problem is the differences in organisational management and talent development structure” between Japan and the rest of the world， including China， said Brian Salsberg， a McKinsey principal in Tokyo and one of the authors of the report.

　　报告作者之一、麦肯锡驻东京的管理合伙人布赖恩·萨斯伯格（Brian Salsberg）表示：“这个问题的根源在于组织管理和人才发展结构的差异。”在这方面，日本企业和世界其他地区（包括中国在内）都截然不同。

　　“The Japanese lifetime employment system . . . is unappealing to Chinese employees， and the Japanese workplace is typically much more hierarchical than in Chinese or western companies，” the report notes.

　　报告指出：“日本终身雇用制度……对中国员工没有吸引力。一般而言，比起中国或西方企业，日本企业明显更加等级森严。”

　　Japanese companies have had difficulty recruiting and retaining local talent， it stated. “Japanese companies have often had the wrong people in China or those who don't have the flexibility to act quickly enough，” Mr Salsberg said.

　　报告称，日本企业在招聘和保留本地人才方面曾遭遇困难。“日本企业在中国经常用人不当，或者所用之人不够灵活，行动不够迅速，”萨斯伯格表示。

　　This in turn has led to a failure to adjust products to the needs of Chinese consumers， and to identify and make use of important distribution channels and ensure smooth government relations.

　　这进而导致无法根据中国消费者的需求来调整产品，无法发现和利用重要分销渠道，也无法确保良好的政府关系。